Um guia detalhado sobre como configurar o Chromium Headless tanto no Ubuntu quanto no CentOS.
O que é o Chrome Headless?
O Chrome Headless funciona como uma instância do navegador Chrome, mas sem a interface gráfica. Ele opera em um ambiente sem “cabeça” (headless), sendo extremamente útil para automatizar testes e outras tarefas.
Quais funcionalidades o Chrome Headless nos proporciona?
Uma das vantagens mais interessantes é a capacidade de testar as mais recentes funcionalidades da plataforma web, como módulos ES6, service workers e streams. Com o Chrome Headless, você pode desenvolver aplicações e testá-las com renderização atualizada. Outras funcionalidades notáveis incluem limitação de rede, emulação de dispositivos e análise de cobertura de código.
Com o Chrome Headless, é possível realizar testes sem a necessidade de escrever código, uma grande vantagem!
Você pode executar comandos diretamente pela linha de comando. Abaixo, alguns dos comandos mais utilizados:
--screenshot #Para tirar um print da tela. --print-to-pdf #Para converter uma página web para PDF. --dump-dom #Para extrair dados do DOM (Document Object Model).
Observação: O Chrome Headless é diferente do navegador Chromium.
Instalando o Chromium no Ubuntu
Passo 1: Atualizar o Ubuntu
Primeiramente, é essencial atualizar os pacotes do Ubuntu.
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt-get update Hit:1 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu bionic InRelease Hit:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic-security InRelease Hit:3 http://ppa.launchpad.net/ansible/ansible/ubuntu cosmic InRelease Hit:5 http://apt.puppetlabs.com bionic InRelease Ign:6 http://pkg.jenkins.io/debian-stable binary/ InRelease Hit:7 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic InRelease Hit:8 http://ppa.launchpad.net/canonical-chromium-builds/stage/ubuntu cosmic InRelease Hit:9 http://pkg.jenkins.io/debian-stable binary/ Release Hit:10 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic-updates InRelease Hit:11 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic-backports InRelease Hit:4 https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt kubernetes-xenial InRelease Reading package lists... Done
Passo 2: Instalar Dependências
Instale as dependências necessárias para a instalação.
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt-get install -y libappindicator1 fonts-liberation Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done fonts-liberation is already the newest version (1:1.07.4-7). fonts-liberation set to manually installed. The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required: chromium-codecs-ffmpeg-extra Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it. The following additional packages will be installed: libdbusmenu-gtk4 libindicator7 Suggested packages: indicator-application The following NEW packages will be installed: libappindicator1 libdbusmenu-gtk4 libindicator7 0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 238 not upgraded. Need to get 68.2 kB of archives. After this operation, 280 kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic/universe amd64 libdbusmenu-gtk4 amd64 16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1 [27.1 kB] Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic/universe amd64 libindicator7 amd64 16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1 [21.7 kB] Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic/universe amd64 libappindicator1 amd64 12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1 [19.4 kB] Fetched 68.2 kB in 1s (61.1 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package libdbusmenu-gtk4:amd64. (Reading database ... 318270 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../libdbusmenu-gtk4_16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libdbusmenu-gtk4:amd64 (16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libindicator7. Preparing to unpack .../libindicator7_16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libindicator7 (16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libappindicator1. Preparing to unpack .../libappindicator1_12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libappindicator1 (12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1) ... Setting up libindicator7 (16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1) ... Setting up libdbusmenu-gtk4:amd64 (16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-0ubuntu1) ... Setting up libappindicator1 (12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-0ubuntu1) ... libappindicator1: This library is used to export menu by an application into a panel fonts-liberation: This library has similar font metrics as Arial, Times and Courier
Em alguns casos, podem faltar algumas dependências para instalar o Chrome. Portanto, execute o comando abaixo para instalar todas as dependências adicionais necessárias.
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt-get install -f The following additional packages will be installed: at-spi2-core cpp cpp-7 dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service gcc-7-base glib-networking glib-networking-common glib-networking-services gsettings-desktop-schemas libappindicator3-1 libasound2 libasound2-data libatk-bridge2.0-0 libatspi2.0-0 libauthen-sasl-perl libcairo-gobject2 libcolord2 libdata-dump-perl libdbusmenu-gtk3-4 libdconf1 libdrm-amdgpu1 libdrm-intel1 libdrm-nouveau2 libdrm-radeon1 libencode-locale-perl libepoxy0 libfile-basedir-perl libfile-desktopentry-perl libfile-listing-perl libfile-mimeinfo-perl libfont-afm-perl libfontenc1 libgl1 libgl1-mesa-dri libgl1-mesa-glx libglapi-mesa libglvnd0 libglx-mesa0 libglx0 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common libhtml-form-perl libhtml-format-perl libhtml-parser-perl libhtml-tagset-perl libhtml-tree-perl libhttp-cookies-perl libhttp-daemon-perl libhttp-date-perl libhttp-message-perl libhttp-negotiate-perl libice6 libindicator3-7 libio-html-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libipc-system-simple-perl libisl19 libjson-glib-1.0-0 libjson-glib-1.0-common liblcms2-2 libllvm9 liblwp-mediatypes-perl liblwp-protocol-https-perl libmailtools-perl libmpc3 libnet-dbus-perl libnet-http-perl libnet-smtp-ssl-perl libnet-ssleay-perl libnspr4 libnss3 libpciaccess0 libproxy1v5 librest-0.7-0 libsensors4 libsm6 libsoup-gnome2.4-1 libsoup2.4-1 libtie-ixhash-perl libtimedate-perl libtry-tiny-perl liburi-perl libwayland-client0 libwayland-cursor0 libwayland-egl1 libwww-perl libwww-robotrules-perl libx11-protocol-perl libx11-xcb1 libxaw7 libxcb-dri2-0 libxcb-dri3-0 libxcb-glx0 libxcb-present0 libxcb-shape0 libxcb-sync1 libxft2 libxkbcommon0 libxml-parser-perl libxml-twig-perl libxml-xpathengine-perl libxmu6 libxpm4 libxshmfence1 libxss1 libxt6 libxtst6 libxv1 libxxf86dga1 libxxf86vm1 perl-openssl-defaults x11-common x11-utils x11-xserver-utils xdg-utils Suggested packages: cpp-doc gcc-7-locales indicator-application libasound2-plugins alsa-utils libdigest-hmac-perl libgssapi-perl colord gvfs liblcms2-utils libcrypt-ssleay-perl lm-sensors libauthen-ntlm-perl libunicode-map8-perl libunicode-string-perl xml-twig-tools mesa-utils nickle cairo-5c xorg-docs-core The following NEW packages will be installed: at-spi2-core cpp cpp-7 dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service gcc-7-base glib-networking glib-networking-common glib-networking-services gsettings-desktop-schemas libappindicator3-1 libasound2 libasound2-data libatk-bridge2.0-0 libatspi2.0-0 libauthen-sasl-perl libcairo-gobject2 libcolord2 libdata-dump-perl libdbusmenu-gtk3-4 libdconf1 libdrm-amdgpu1 libdrm-intel1 libdrm-nouveau2 libdrm-radeon1 libencode-locale-perl libepoxy0 libfile-basedir-perl libfile-desktopentry-perl libfile-listing-perl libfile-mimeinfo-perl libfont-afm-perl libfontenc1 libgl1 libgl1-mesa-dri libgl1-mesa-glx libglapi-mesa libglvnd0 libglx-mesa0 libglx0 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common libhtml-form-perl libhtml-format-perl libhtml-parser-perl libhtml-tagset-perl libhtml-tree-perl libhttp-cookies-perl libhttp-daemon-perl libhttp-date-perl libhttp-message-perl libhttp-negotiate-perl libice6 libindicator3-7 libio-html-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libipc-system-simple-perl libisl19 libjson-glib-1.0-0 libjson-glib-1.0-common liblcms2-2 libllvm9 liblwp-mediatypes-perl liblwp-protocol-https-perl libmailtools-perl libmpc3 libnet-dbus-perl libnet-http-perl libnet-smtp-ssl-perl libnet-ssleay-perl libnspr4 libnss3 libpciaccess0 libproxy1v5 librest-0.7-0 libsensors4 libsm6 libsoup-gnome2.4-1 libsoup2.4-1 libtie-ixhash-perl libtimedate-perl libtry-tiny-perl liburi-perl libwayland-client0 libwayland-cursor0 libwayland-egl1 libwww-perl libwww-robotrules-perl libx11-protocol-perl libx11-xcb1 libxaw7 libxcb-dri2-0 libxcb-dri3-0 libxcb-glx0 libxcb-present0 libxcb-shape0 libxcb-sync1 libxft2 libxkbcommon0 libxml-parser-perl libxml-twig-perl libxml-xpathengine-perl libxmu6 libxpm4 libxshmfence1 libxss1 libxt6 libxtst6 libxv1 libxxf86dga1 libxxf86vm1 perl-openssl-defaults x11-common x11-utils x11-xserver-utils xdg-utils 0 upgraded, 117 newly installed, 0 to remove and 58 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 40.7 MB of archives. After this operation, 369 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y Fetched 40.7 MB in 4s (9470 kB/s) Extracting templates from packages: 100%
Passo 3: Baixar o Chrome
Baixe o pacote estável do Google Chrome para o sistema Ubuntu.
[email protected]:~$ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb --2020-01-15 13:58:41-- https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb Resolving dl.google.com (dl.google.com)... 172.217.163.78, 2404:6800:4007:80c::200e Connecting to dl.google.com (dl.google.com)|172.217.163.78|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 62204098 (59M) [application/x-debian-package] Saving to: ‘google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb’ google-chrome-stable_current_amd64. 100%[=================================================================>] 59.32M 11.1MB/s in 29s 2020-01-15 13:59:10 (2.04 MB/s) - ‘google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb’ saved [62204098/62204098]
Passo 4: Instalar o Chrome
Instale o pacote estável do Chrome.
[email protected]:~$ sudo dpkg -i google-chrome*.deb Selecting previously unselected package google-chrome-stable. (Reading database ... 318285 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb ... Unpacking google-chrome-stable (79.0.3945.117-1) ... Setting up google-chrome-stable (79.0.3945.117-1) ... update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/x-www-browser (x-www-browser) in auto mode update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/gnome-www-browser (gnome-www-browser) in auto mode update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/google-chrome (google-chrome) in auto mode Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-11ubuntu2) ... Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.23-3ubuntu2) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.4-2) ...
Passo 5: Verificar a Versão do Chrome
Para confirmar que a instalação foi concluída com sucesso, verifique a versão do Google Chrome.
[email protected]:~$ google-chrome-stable -version Google Chrome 79.0.3945.117
Opcional: Executar o Chrome Headless
Vou demonstrar um exemplo de execução do Chrome no modo headless.
Neste caso, o Chrome será executado sem interface gráfica e o conteúdo de https://gf.dev/ será salvo como um arquivo PDF.
[email protected]:~$ google-chrome-stable --headless --disable-gpu --print-to-pdf https://gf.dev/ [0115/140930.772108:INFO:headless_shell.cc(620)] Written to file output.pdf.
Você poderá ver um arquivo chamado output.pdf.
[email protected]:~$ ls -l out* -rw------- 1 etechpt.com etechpt.com 80799 Jan 15 14:09 output.pdf [email protected]:~$
A seguir, demonstrarei como realizar a mesma configuração no sistema CentOS.
Instalação do Chromium no CentOS
Passo 1: Atualizar o CentOS
Atualize o sistema CentOS com o comando abaixo.
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo yum update
Passo 2: Criar Repositório do Chrome
Adicione o repositório do Google Chrome ao sistema. Crie um arquivo chamado google-chrome.repo dentro de /etc/yum.repos.d/ e insira os detalhes abaixo.
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo gedit /etc/yum.repos.d/google-chrome.repo [google-chrome] name=google-chrome baseurl=http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/rpm/stable/$basearch enabled=1 gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub
Passo 3: Instalar o Chrome
Execute o comando yum abaixo para instalar o Google Chrome no sistema CentOS.
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo yum install google-chrome-stable Last metadata expiration check: 0:04:04 ago on Wed 22 Jan 2020 01:06:24 PM EST. Dependencies resolved. ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================ Installing: google-chrome-stable x86_64 79.0.3945.130-1 google-chrome 60 M Installing dependencies: libXScrnSaver x86_64 1.2.3-1.el8 AppStream 31 k libappindicator-gtk3 x86_64 12.10.0-19.el8 AppStream 43 k libdbusmenu x86_64 16.04.0-12.el8 AppStream 140 k libdbusmenu-gtk3 x86_64 16.04.0-12.el8 AppStream 41 k libindicator-gtk3 x86_64 12.10.1-14.el8 AppStream 70 k liberation-fonts noarch 1:2.00.3-4.el8 BaseOS 19 k liberation-serif-fonts noarch 1:2.00.3-4.el8 BaseOS 607 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Install 8 Packages Total download size: 60 M Installed size: 213 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/8): libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 146 kB/s | 31 kB 00:00 (2/8): libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_ 171 kB/s | 43 kB 00:00 (3/8): libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64.r 691 kB/s | 41 kB 00:00 (4/8): libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64. 558 kB/s | 70 kB 00:00 (5/8): liberation-fonts-2.00.3-4.el8.noarch.rpm 74 kB/s | 19 kB 00:00 (6/8): liberation-serif-fonts-2.00.3-4.el8.noar 1.3 MB/s | 607 kB 00:00 (7/8): libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64.rpm 121 kB/s | 140 kB 00:01 (8/8): google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86 8.4 MB/s | 60 MB 00:07 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 6.5 MB/s | 60 MB 00:09 warning: /var/cache/dnf/google-chrome-eb0d6f10ccbdafba/packages/google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7fac5991: NOKEY google-chrome 49 kB/s | 10 kB 00:00 Importing GPG key 0x7FAC5991: Userid : "Google, Inc. Linux Package Signing Key <[email protected]>" Fingerprint: 4CCA 1EAF 950C EE4A B839 76DC A040 830F 7FAC 5991 From : https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub Is this ok [y/N]: y Key imported successfully Importing GPG key 0xD38B4796: Userid : "Google Inc. (Linux Packages Signing Authority) <[email protected]>" Fingerprint: EB4C 1BFD 4F04 2F6D DDCC EC91 7721 F63B D38B 4796 From : https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub Is this ok [y/N]: y Key imported successfully Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Installing : libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 1/8 Installing : libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 2/8 Installing : liberation-serif-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 3/8 Installing : liberation-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 4/8 Installing : libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64 5/8 Installing : libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_64 6/8 Installing : libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64 7/8 Running scriptlet: google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8 Installing : google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8 Running scriptlet: google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8 Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start atd.service Verifying : libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64 1/8 Verifying : libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_64 2/8 Verifying : libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 3/8 Verifying : libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 4/8 Verifying : libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64 5/8 Verifying : liberation-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 6/8 Verifying : liberation-serif-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 7/8 Verifying : google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8 Installed: google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64 libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_64 libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64 liberation-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch liberation-serif-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch Complete!
Passo 4: Verificar a Versão do Chrome
Para confirmar que a instalação foi concluída com sucesso, verifique a versão do Google Chrome.
[[email protected] ~]$ google-chrome -version Google Chrome 79.0.3945.130
Opcional: Executar o Chrome Headless
Vou demonstrar um exemplo de como executar o Chrome no modo headless no CentOS.
Usarei um exemplo de captura de tela. O comando abaixo irá executar o Chrome no modo headless e o conteúdo de https://www.chromestatus.com/ será salvo como um arquivo PDF.
[[email protected] ~]$ google-chrome-stable --headless --disable-gpu --print-to-pdf https://www.chromestatus.com/ [0122/131602.193881:INFO:headless_shell.cc(620)] Written to file output.pdf.
O arquivo output.pdf foi criado com todo o conteúdo de https://www.chromestatus.com/.
[[email protected] ~]$ ls -l total 61208 drwxr-xr-x. 2 etechpt.com etechpt.com 6 Sep 25 11:49 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 etechpt.com etechpt.com 6 Sep 25 11:49 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 2 etechpt.com etechpt.com 6 Sep 25 11:49 Downloads -rw-rw-r--. 1 etechpt.com etechpt.com 180 Jan 22 13:05 google-chrome.repo -rw-------. 1 etechpt.com etechpt.com 146776 Jan 22 13:16 output.pdf
Este foi um guia sobre como instalar o Chrome no Ubuntu e no CentOS, além de como executá-lo no modo headless.